INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

Definition: An interrogative sentence is a type of sentence which usually asks a question and uses a question mark (?). They may ask for information or for confirmation or denial of a statement. They typically begin with a question word such as what, who, or how, or an auxiliary verb such as do/does, can or would.

For example:

• Do you speak French?
• Will you go to the supermarket for me?
• How can I do that?

Types
There are four types of interrogative sentences.

Yes/No Interrogatives
Yes/No questions usually will be answered by yes or no.

For example:

• Will you bring your book?
  * => Answer: Yes or No)
• Did she pass the test?
  * => Answer: Yes or No)

Alternative Interrogatives
Alternative interrogatives offer two or more alternative responses:

For example:

• Should I telephone you or send an email?
• Do you want bear, wine, or whisky?

Yes/no interrogatives and alternative interrogatives are introduced by an auxiliary verb.

Wh- Interrogatives
Wh- Interrogatives are introduced by a wh- word, and they elicit an open-ended response:

For example:

• What happened?
• Where do you work?
• Who won the Cup Final in 1997?

Tag Questions
they are sometimes tagged onto the end of a declarative sentence.

For example:

• David plays the piano, doesn't he?
• We've forgotten the milk, haven't we?
• There's a big match tonight, isn't there?

Notes:
Be careful to distinguish between direct and indirect questions. Direct questions normally use inverted word order (verb before subject) and end with a question mark. Indirect questions normally do not use inverted word order and do not end with a question mark.

For example:

• When was Lester Pearson prime minister?
  => Direct/Interrogative.
• I wonder when Lester Pearson was prime minister.
  => Indirect/Declarative.

Tips on Making a Good First Impression in English

A warm smile, a firm handshake, and a sincere gaze are all important aspects of making a good first impression. But let's not forget confidence – confidence in your English, that is! Because a few clumsy or inappropriate words in English can drastically affect the impression you're trying to make, we've written this guide to help you improve your English, build your confidence and impress all those you meet!

Be courteous:

Just after you are introduced to someone new, in most Western cultures, it's appropriate to shake hands. As you extend your hand in a firm, but not too tight, grip, say "It's nice to meet you.”, “Pleased to meet you.", or "How do you do? Say it with confidence and a smile, and you've already taken the first step in making that good impression.

Make small talk:

Don't let an awkward silence fill the room once you have been introduced. Make small talk by asking your new acquaintance some general questions. If this is a personal relationship, you can ask about their job: "So what do you do?" If this he or she is a business acquaintance, perhaps you can simply ask, “So how's business?" Be sure to listen carefully to their response, offer your opinions and ask more questions.

Find ways to compliment:
As you get to know the person, find some way to sincerely compliment him or her. Perhaps you've heard that the work they produce is excellent. Then you can say, "I've heard great things about your work!" Or, in a more social situation, you may want to compliment an aspect of your new friend's appearance: "I just love your earrings! They look good on you." Compliments always make people feel good, and you'll find the recipient will be impressed with your friendliness and thoughtfulness!

Initiate a future relationship:
Before your conversation ends, be sure to show that you want to continue your relationship. In business circumstances, you may want to ask, “Can I give you one of my cards?" Or perhaps, in social situations, you may want to extend an invitation: "Would you like to have dinner with us tomorrow?" Be sure your new acquaintance knows you have enjoyed their company, and you would like to continue to develop your relationship.

Say a kind goodbye:
When it's time to part ways, make sure you say kind words about the time you spent together. Depending on the formality of the situation, you may want to shake hands once again while you say, "It was a pleasure meeting you." or "It was nice getting to know you. Let's do this again soon." As you say goodbye, remember to smile once again and maintain eye contact. Congratulations! You've just made a wonderful impression!

70 WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR ENGLISH

70 ways to improve your English

1.      Start your own English language blog. Even for people who don't have to write in English, writing can be a great way of properly learning the kind of vocabulary you need to describe your own life and interests, and of thinking about how to stop making grammar mistakes. The problem most people have is that they don't know what to write about. One traditional way to make sure you write every day in English is to write an English diary (journal), and a more up to date way of doing this is to write a blog. Popular topics include your language learning experience, your experience studying abroad, your local area, your language, or translations of your local news into English.

2.      Write a news diary. Another daily writing task that can work for people who would be bored by writing about their own routines in a diary is to write about the news that you read and listen to everyday. If you include your predictions for how you think the story will develop (e.g. "I think Hillary will become president"), this can give you a good reason to read old entries another time, at which time you can also correct and mistakes you have made and generally improve what you have written.

3.      Sign up for a regular English tip. Some websites offer a weekly or even daily short English lesson sent to your email account. If your mobile phone has an e-mail address, it is also possible to have the tips sent to your phone to read on the way to work or school. Please note, however, that such services are not usually graded very well to the levels of different students, and they should be used as a little added extra or revision in your English studies rather than as a replacement for something you or your teacher have chosen more carefully as what you need to learn.

4.      Listen to MP3s. Although buying music on the internet is becoming more popular in many countries, not so many people know that you can download speech radio such as audio books (an actor reading out a novel) and speech radio. Not only is this better practice for your English than listening to English music, from sources like Scientific American, BBC and Australia's ABC Radio it is also free.

5.      Listen to English music. Even listening to music while doing something else can help a little for things like getting used to the natural rhythm and tone of English speech, although the more time and attention you give to a song the more you will learn from listening to it again in the future.

6.      Read the lyrics to a song. Although just listening to a song in English can be a good way of really learning the words of the chorus in an easily memorable way, if you want to really get something out of listening to English music you will need to take some time to read the lyrics of the song with a dictionary. If the lyrics are not given in the CD booklet, you may be able to find them on the internet, but please note that some lyrics sites deliberately put a few errors into their lyrics for copyright reasons. Once you have read and understood the lyrics,  if you then listen and read at the same time, this can be a good way of understanding how sounds change in fast, natural, informal speech.

7.      Sing karaoke in English. The next stage after understanding and memorising a song is obviously to sing it. Although some words have their pronunciation changed completely to fit in with a song, most of the words have the same sounds and stressed syllables as in normal speech. Remembering which words rhyme at the end of each line can also be a good way of starting to learn English pronunciation.

8.      Write a film, music, hotel or book review. Another motivating and easy way to make yourself write in English is to write a review for a site such as Amazon or Internet Movie Database. Many non-native speakers write reviews on sites like this, and if you have some special understanding of the book, music or film due to your first language or knowing the artist personally, that would be very interesting for the English speakers who read and write reviews on the site.

Public administration terminology

Public Administration Glossary of Terms
The following list of selected terms and concepts are commonly used in public administration and
finance1.
ABILITY TO PAY: The principle of taxation that holds that the tax burden should be distributed
according to a person's wealth. It is based on the assumption that, as a person's income increases, the
person or corporation can and should contribute a larger percentage of income to support
government activities. The progressive income tax is based on the ability to pay principle.
ABSOLUTISM: A government with no limits to its power and under which the people have no
guaranteed or constitutional rights.
ABUSE: 1. The use of an existing authority for purposes that extend beyond or even contradict the
intentions of the grantors of that authority. 2. The furnishing of excessive services to beneficiaries of
government programs, violating program regulations, or performing improper practices, none of
which involves prosecutable fraud.
ACCESS: 1. The ability to gain the attention and to influence the decisions of key political agents.
Political party leaders, the heads of major interest groups, and those who make large campaign
contributions are typically said to have access. 2. Lobbying; getting information to key decision
makers at critical times.
ACCLAMATION: Overwhelming approval by voice vote.
ACCOUNTABILITY: A political principle according to which agencies or organizations, such as
those in government, are subject to some form of external control, causing them to give a general
accounting of and for their actions; an essential concept in democratic public administration.
1 This list of terms is adapted from several sources:
Denhardt, Robert B., Public Administration: An Action Orientation, Second Edition Wadsworth Publishing
Company, Belmont, CA, 1995.
Gordon, George J., Public Administration in America, Fourth Edition, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1992.
Marlow, Michael L., Public Finance: Theory and Practice, The Dryden Press, Fort Worth, Texas, 1995.
McCurdy, Howard E., Public Administration: A Synthesis, Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA,
1977.
Shafritz, Jay M., The Dorsey Dictionary of American Government and Politics, The Dorsey Press, Chicago, IL 1988.
2
ACCOUNTING: The process of classifying, measuring, and interpreting financial transactions.
Cash accounting is the recording of transactions at the time the payment is actually made; accrual
accounting means that revenues are recorded when they are earned and expenses are recorded as
they are incurred.
ACT: A written bill formally passed by a legislature, such as the U.S. Congress, and signed by an
executive, such as the U.S. president. An act is a bill from its introduction until its passage by a
legislature. An act becomes a law; becomes a formal statute, when it is signed by (or passed over
the veto of) a chief executive, such as the U.S. president. 2. A bill that has been passed by only one
house of a legislature.
ACTING: Temporary. For example, someone might be the acting director of a government agency.
Acting appointments are sometimes automatic, as when a lieutenant governor is the acting governor
whenever the elected governor leaves the state.

Terminology of Sociology

Glossary

Absolute poverty	A standard of poverty based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist. (See 198)
Achieved status	A social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. (See 110, 190)
Activity theory	An interactionist theory of aging that argues that elderly people who remain active will be best-adjusted. (See 276)
Adoption	In a legal sense, a process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents. (See 303)
Affirmative action	Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. (See 233, 371)
Ageism	A term coined by Robert N. Butler to refer to prejudice and discrimination against the elderly. (See 279)
Agrarian society	The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are primarily engaged in the production of food but increase their crop yield through such innovations as the plow. (See 121)
Alienation	The condition of being estranged or disassociated from the surrounding society. (See 141)
Amalgamation	The process by which a majority group and a minority group combine through intermarriage to form a new group. (See 236)
Anomie	Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. (See 10, 168)
Anomie theory of deviance	A theory developed by Robert Merton that explains deviance as an adaptation either of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing their attainment, or both. (See 169)
Anticipatory socialization	Processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships. (See 89)
Anti-Semitism	Anti-Jewish prejudice. (See 247)
Apartheid	The former policy of the South African government designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites. (See 237)
Argot	Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture. (See 67)
Ascribed status	A social position "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. (See 109, 190)
Assimilation	The process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. (See 237)
Authority	Power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised. (See 356)
Bilateral descent	A kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important. (See 294)
Bilingualism	The use of two or more languages in particular settings, such as workplaces or educational facilities, treating each language as equally legitimate. (See 70)
Birthrate	The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Also known as the crude birthrate. (See 384)
Black power	A political philosophy promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions. (See 240)
Bourgeoisie	Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production. (See 193)
Bureaucracy	A component of formal organization in which rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiency. (See 140)
Bureaucratization	The process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic. (See 143)
Capitalism	An economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.